Northumberland is a historic county located in the northeast of England. The county is bordered by Scotland to the north, Tyne and Wear to the south, and County Durham to the south-west. The county town is Alnwick, and other major towns include Berwick-upon-Tweed, Morpeth, and Hexham. Northumberland is known for its beautiful landscapes, rich history, and vibrant culture.
The history of Northumberland is long and fascinating, spanning thousands of years. The county has been inhabited since prehistoric times, and evidence of early settlements can still be seen in the form of ancient standing stones, burial mounds, and hill forts. Over the centuries, Northumberland has been home to a variety of different peoples, including the Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, and Normans. Each of these groups has left its mark on the county, shaping its culture, traditions, and way of life.
Key Takeaways
- Northumberland is a historic county located in the northeast of England, known for its beautiful landscapes, rich history, and vibrant culture.
- The history of Northumberland spans thousands of years and has been shaped by a variety of different peoples, including the Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, and Normans.
- Evidence of early settlements can still be seen in the form of ancient standing stones, burial mounds, and hill forts.
Table of Contents
Geographical Overview
Northumberland is a county located in the north-east of England, and is England’s northernmost county. It is a land of contrasts, with a rugged coastline, rolling hills, and vast stretches of moorland. The county covers an area of approximately 5,013 square miles, and has a population of around 320,000 people.
County of Northumberland
The county of Northumberland is bordered by Scotland to the north, the North Sea to the east, County Durham to the south, and Cumbria to the west. The county town of Northumberland is Morpeth, and the county seat is Alnwick.
Northumberland National Park
The Northumberland National Park covers an area of 1,049 square kilometres, and is home to some of the most stunning landscapes in the UK. The park is situated in the north-west of the county, and includes the Cheviot Hills, the Simonside Hills, and the Hadrian’s Wall World Heritage Site.
Cheviot Hills
The Cheviot Hills are a range of hills that run along the Anglo-Scottish border. The hills are home to a diverse range of flora and fauna, and are a popular destination for walkers and hikers.
Holy Island
Holy Island is a tidal island that is located off the coast of Northumberland. The island is home to the ruins of Lindisfarne Priory, which was founded in the 7th century, and is one of the most important religious sites in the UK.
North East England
Northumberland is part of the North East of England, which is a region that includes the counties of Northumberland, Tyne and Wear, County Durham, and the Tees Valley. The region has a population of around 2.6 million people, and is home to a number of major cities, including Newcastle upon Tyne, Sunderland, and Durham.
Anglo-Scottish Border
The Anglo-Scottish border is a historic border that has been the site of many conflicts over the centuries. The border runs for approximately 96 miles, and is marked by a series of forts, castles, and other defensive structures.
North Sea
The North Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is located to the east of Northumberland. The sea is home to a rich variety of marine life, including fish, whales, and dolphins.
River Tees
The River Tees is a river that runs through the north-east of England, and forms part of the border between County Durham and North Yorkshire. The river is approximately 85 miles long, and is home to a number of important wildlife habitats.
Solway Firth
The Solway Firth is an estuary that is located to the west of Northumberland, and forms part of the border between England and Scotland. The firth is home to a number of important bird species, including the osprey and the red kite.
Whin Sill
The Whin Sill is a geological formation that runs through the north-east of England, and is particularly prominent in Northumberland. The formation is made up of a type of rock called dolerite, and is responsible for the creation of a number of distinctive landscapes, including the crags at Hadrian’s Wall.
Northumberland is a fascinating county with a rich history and stunning landscapes. Its varied geography makes it an ideal destination for anyone who loves the great outdoors, and its many historic sites and landmarks make it a must-visit destination for history buffs.
Historical Overview
Northumberland has a rich and diverse history that spans over many centuries. In this section, I will provide a brief overview of some of the key events and periods that have shaped the region’s history.
Kingdom of Northumbria
The Kingdom of Northumbria was a powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom that existed in the north of England from the 5th century until the Norman Conquest in the 11th century. It was formed from the merging of two smaller kingdoms, Bernicia and Deira. The kingdom was known for its military prowess and cultural achievements, and it played an important role in the development of early English literature.
Roman Catholicism
During the 7th century, Northumberland was at the forefront of the spread of Roman Catholicism in England. King Edwin of Northumbria was famously converted to Christianity in 627 AD, and he played a key role in establishing the church in the region. The Synod of Whitby, which took place in Northumberland in 664 AD, was a pivotal moment in the history of the English church, as it established the Roman Catholic Church as the dominant religion in England.
King Edwin
King Edwin was one of the most important rulers in Northumberland’s history. He was a powerful and influential king who played a key role in the spread of Christianity in England. His death in battle in 633 AD was a major turning point in the history of the region, as it led to a period of instability and conflict.
Norman Conquest
The Norman Conquest of 1066 was a major event in the history of Northumberland. The region was conquered by William the Conqueror, and it was subsequently ruled by a series of Norman and Angevin monarchs. The Normans built many castles and fortifications in the region, including the famous Alnwick Castle.
Earl of Northumbria
The title of Earl of Northumbria has been held by many powerful and influential individuals throughout Northumberland’s history. The first Earl of Northumbria was appointed by King Canute in the 11th century, and the title has been held by members of the royal family and other powerful nobles over the centuries.
Earldom of Northumberland
The Earldom of Northumberland was a powerful and influential region that played an important role in the history of England. It was created in the 13th century, and it was ruled by a series of powerful earls who controlled vast swathes of land in the north of England.
History of Revolt
Northumberland has a long history of rebellion and revolt. The region was a hotbed of resistance during the English Civil War, and it played a key role in the Jacobite uprisings of the 18th century. The region was also a stronghold of the Labour movement in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it played a key role in the development of the trade union movement in England.
Throughout its long and fascinating history, Northumberland has been shaped by a wide range of individuals, events, and cultural influences. From the Kingdom of Northumbria to the Earldom of Northumberland, the region has played a key role in the development of England, and it continues to be an important part of the country’s cultural and historical heritage.
Cultural and Social Aspects
As I explore the history of Northumberland, it is impossible to ignore the rich cultural and social aspects that have shaped the region over the centuries. In this section, I will delve into some of the most significant cultural and social features of Northumberland, including the Northumbrian Smallpipes, Border Reivers, Independent School, and Upper Schools.
Northumbrian Smallpipes
The Northumbrian Smallpipes are a type of bagpipe that originated in the North East of England, particularly in Northumberland. These pipes are known for their distinctive sound and are often played at traditional events and celebrations. The Northumbrian Smallpipes have a long and fascinating history, with some historians tracing their origins back to the 18th century. The pipes were particularly popular among miners and workers in the industrial North East, and they continue to be an important part of Northumbrian culture today.
Border Reivers
The Border Reivers were a group of raiders who operated along the Anglo-Scottish border during the late Middle Ages. These men were notorious for their lawlessness and violence, and they were feared by many in the region. The Border Reivers were known for their distinctive dress, which included a leather jerkin and a steel helmet. They were also skilled horsemen and fighters, and they often engaged in bloody battles with rival clans. The legacy of the Border Reivers can still be seen in Northumberland today, particularly in the many castles and fortifications that were built to protect against them.
Independent School
Northumberland is home to a number of independent schools, which have played an important role in the region’s cultural and social history. These schools were often founded by wealthy families or religious groups, and they provided a high-quality education to the children of the elite. Many of these schools have a long and fascinating history, with some dating back to the 19th century. Some of the most well-known independent schools in Northumberland include the Duchess’s Community High School and the King Edward VI School.
Upper Schools
Upper schools are an important part of the education system in Northumberland, providing a bridge between primary and secondary education. These schools typically cater to children between the ages of 9 and 13, and they offer a range of subjects and activities designed to prepare students for the challenges of secondary school. Some of the most popular upper schools in Northumberland include the Alnwick South First School and the Bamburgh School.
As I explore the cultural and social aspects of Northumberland, I am struck by the rich and diverse history of this fascinating region. From the Northumbrian Smallpipes to the Border Reivers, from independent schools to upper schools, Northumberland has a wealth of cultural and social features that have shaped its history and continue to shape its future.
Economic Aspects
As I delve into the history of Northumberland, it is clear that the region has a rich economic heritage. In this section, I will explore the economic aspects of Northumberland’s history, focusing on the coal trade and coal mining.
Coal Trade
Northumberland’s coal trade played a significant role in the region’s economy. The coal industry began to grow in the 13th century, and by the 16th century, it was a major contributor to the economy. Coal was exported to London and other parts of the country, and it was also used locally for heating and cooking.
The larger towns in Northumberland, such as Newcastle upon Tyne and Blyth, were key players in the coal trade. The coal was transported from the mines to the ports by wagons pulled by horses. The wagons would then be loaded onto ships and transported to other parts of the country.
There are several web pages and PDF formats available that provide detailed information about the coal trade in Northumberland. These resources offer a wealth of information for those interested in learning more about this important aspect of the region’s history.
Coal Mining
Coal mining was a major industry in Northumberland, and it provided employment for many people in the region. The first coal mines in Northumberland were small-scale operations, but by the 18th century, the industry had grown significantly.
The larger towns in Northumberland, such as Morpeth and Alnwick, were home to many coal mines. The mines were often owned by wealthy landowners, who employed local people to work in the mines.
The working conditions in the mines were often harsh, and accidents were common. However, the coal mining industry provided a vital source of income for many families in Northumberland.
In summary, the coal trade and coal mining were two important aspects of Northumberland’s economy throughout its history. These industries provided employment for many people and contributed significantly to the region’s economic growth.
Notable Personalities
Northumberland has been home to many notable personalities throughout history. In this section, I will highlight some of the most prominent figures who have contributed to the region’s rich cultural and historical heritage.
John Crawford Hodgson
John Crawford Hodgson was a notable figure in Northumberland’s history. He was a British politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Berwick-upon-Tweed constituency from 1910 to 1918. Hodgson was a member of the Liberal Party and was known for his progressive views on social issues.
Herbert Henry Edmund Craster
Herbert Henry Edmund Craster was a prominent figure in Northumberland’s history. He was a British civil servant who served as the Permanent Secretary to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries from 1916 to 1919. Craster was also a member of the Royal Society and was known for his contributions to the field of botany.
James Brisbin
James Brisbin was a notable personality in Northumberland’s military history. He was a United States Army officer who served during the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. Brisbin was also a prolific writer and authored several books on military tactics and strategy.
Kenneth Hotham Vickers
Kenneth Hotham Vickers was a prominent figure in Northumberland’s industrial history. He was a British engineer and businessman who co-founded the engineering firm Vickers-Armstrongs. Vickers was also a member of Parliament and served as the MP for Newcastle-upon-Tyne from 1918 to 1922.
Overall, these notable personalities have contributed significantly to Northumberland’s rich history. Through their diverse contributions in the fields of politics, civil service, military service, and industry, they have left a lasting legacy that continues to inspire and inform us today.
Archaeological Sites
As I explore the history of Northumberland, I cannot help but be fascinated by the many archaeological sites that dot the landscape. These sites provide a window into the past, allowing us to glimpse the lives of those who lived in this region long before us.
Seaton Delaval
One such site is Seaton Delaval, located in the southeast of Northumberland. This site is home to the ruins of a grand country house, which was built in the early 18th century. The house was designed by Sir John Vanbrugh, a prominent architect of the time, and was known for its impressive Baroque style. Today, visitors can explore the ruins and learn about the history of the house and its former owners.
Allen Banks Hinds
Another fascinating site is Allen Banks Hinds, located in the west of Northumberland. This site is home to a series of deep gorges, which were carved out by the River Allen over many thousands of years. The gorges are home to a wide variety of wildlife, including rare plants and animals, and are a popular destination for hikers and nature lovers.
Battle Sites
Northumberland is also home to several important battle sites, which played a significant role in the region’s history. One such site is the Battle of Flodden, which took place in 1513 and saw the English army defeat the Scottish army. Another important battle site is the Battle of Otterburn, which took place in 1388 and saw the English and Scottish armies clash in a fierce battle that lasted for several days.
Hadrian’s Wall
Finally, no discussion of Northumberland’s archaeological sites would be complete without mentioning Hadrian’s Wall. This impressive structure was built by the Romans in the 2nd century AD and stretches for over 70 miles across the north of England. Today, visitors can explore the many forts, turrets, and other structures that make up the wall, and learn about the history of this important monument.
As I delve deeper into Northumberland’s history, I am constantly amazed by the many archaeological sites that can be found throughout the region. From cannon balls to local antiquities, each site offers a unique glimpse into the past and helps us to better understand the rich history of this fascinating region.
Local Governance
As I explore the history of Northumberland, it is important to highlight the various forms of local governance that have existed within the region. Northumberland has a rich history of local governance, with different areas having different forms of governance over the years.
City of Newcastle
The City of Newcastle has a long history of local governance, with the Town Clerk being the chief executive officer of the city. The Bishop of Durham also had a significant role in the governance of Newcastle, with the bishop being responsible for the appointment of the town clerk until the 19th century.
North Tyneside
North Tyneside has a unique history of local governance, with the Direction of the Northumberland County History Committee being responsible for the governance of the area until the 1970s. The Northumberland County History Committee was established in 1894 to promote the study and preservation of the history of Northumberland.
County Durham
County Durham has a rich history of local governance, with the Bishop of Durham being the chief executive officer of the county until the 19th century. The county was also governed by a council, which was responsible for the provision of local services such as education and public health.
Districts of Alnwick
The Districts of Alnwick have a long history of local governance, with the Alnwick Rural District Council being responsible for the governance of the area until the 1970s. The council was responsible for the provision of local services such as education, public health, and housing.
Castle Morpeth
Castle Morpeth has a unique history of local governance, with the Castle Morpeth Borough Council being responsible for the governance of the area until the 2000s. The council was responsible for the provision of local services such as education, public health, and housing.
Unitary Authority
Northumberland is currently governed by a unitary authority, which was established in 2009. The unitary authority is responsible for the provision of local services such as education, public health, and housing.
Throughout the history of Northumberland, the forms of local governance have changed significantly. From the role of the Bishop of Durham in the governance of County Durham to the establishment of a unitary authority in the 21st century, the history of local governance in Northumberland is a fascinating subject to explore.
Historical Documentation
As a historian researching the history of Northumberland, I have found that the county has a rich collection of historical documents that provide valuable insights into the region’s past. These documents are essential in piecing together the history of Northumberland, from its early Anglo-Saxon origins to the present day.
Patent Roll
One of the most important historical documents for Northumberland is the Patent Roll, which contains records of royal grants and charters. These grants and charters provide insight into the economic and social development of Northumberland. For example, the Patent Roll contains information about land grants made to religious institutions, which played a significant role in shaping the landscape of the county.
Assize Roll
Another valuable resource for historians studying Northumberland is the Assize Roll, a record of court proceedings that took place during the medieval period. The Assize Roll provides insight into the legal system of Northumberland and the social and economic issues that were prevalent at the time. For example, the Assize Roll contains information about disputes over land ownership, which were common in Northumberland during the medieval period.
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Finally, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of historical documents that provide insight into the early history of Northumberland. The Chronicle contains records of significant events, such as battles and political upheavals, that took place in Northumberland during the Anglo-Saxon period. The Chronicle also provides information about the early settlement of Northumberland by the Anglo-Saxons, which is essential in understanding the county’s early history.
In conclusion, the historical documents available for Northumberland provide valuable insights into the region’s past. These documents are essential in piecing together the county’s history, from its early Anglo-Saxon origins to the present day. The Patent Roll, Assize Roll, and Anglo-Saxon Chronicle are just a few examples of the many historical documents available for Northumberland, and they provide valuable information about the social, economic, and political issues that have shaped the county over the centuries.
Settlement and Migration
As I delve into the history of Northumberland, I cannot help but be fascinated by the settlement and migration patterns that have shaped this region. The movement of people has played a significant role in the development of Northumberland, and it is essential to understand how it all began.
Early Settlers
Northumberland has a rich history of early settlers, dating back to the prehistoric era. The region’s location, between the Susquehanna and Hudson Rivers, made it an ideal spot for early settlers to establish themselves. These early settlers were primarily Native American tribes, including the Lenape, Susquehannock, and Iroquois.
In the 17th century, European settlers arrived in Northumberland, and Bacon Hill became one of the first settlements in the region. The Sunbury area was also established as a trading post in the early 18th century, and it quickly became a hub for commerce and trade.
Later Years
As the years went on, Northumberland continued to attract new settlers from all over the world. The region’s fertile land and abundant natural resources made it an attractive destination for those seeking a better life. In the 19th century, Northumberland experienced a surge in population due to the coal mining industry. The colliery districts of Northumberland and Durham saw significant growth during this period, and internal migration persisted.
The Atlantic migration, which began in the early 17th century, also played a significant role in shaping Northumberland’s population. Many immigrants from Europe, particularly from Ireland, Scotland, and Germany, settled in Northumberland, bringing with them their unique cultures and traditions.
In conclusion, settlement and migration have been a vital part of Northumberland’s history. From the early Native American tribes to the European settlers and beyond, the movement of people has shaped this region into what it is today. By understanding the region’s settlement and migration patterns, we can gain a deeper appreciation for Northumberland’s rich history and unique identity.
What is the history of Northumberland’s castles?
Northumberland is known for its castles, many of which were built during the medieval period. Some of the most famous castles in Northumberland include Alnwick Castle, Bamburgh Castle, and Dunstanburgh Castle. These castles played an important role in the history of Northumberland, serving as military fortifications and royal residences.
When did Northumberland become a county?
Northumberland has a long and complex history, and its status as a county has changed over time. The modern county of Northumberland was established in 1974, when the historic county of Northumberland was merged with parts of Cumberland and Durham. However, the area that is now Northumberland has been inhabited for thousands of years, and has been part of various kingdoms and territories throughout its history.
What are some notable events in Northumberland’s history?
Northumberland has played an important role in English history, and has been the site of many significant events over the years. Some notable events in Northumberland’s history include the Battle of Flodden in 1513, the Jacobite Rebellion of 1715, and the construction of Hadrian’s Wall in the 2nd century AD.
What is the significance of Northumberland in English history?
Northumberland has a rich and fascinating history, and has played an important role in the development of England as a nation. From the Roman occupation to the medieval period to the modern day, Northumberland has been at the centre of many key events and developments in English history.
What are some famous landmarks in Northumberland?
Northumberland is home to many famous landmarks, including Hadrian’s Wall, Alnwick Castle, and Bamburgh Castle. Other notable landmarks include Lindisfarne Priory, the Farne Islands, and the Cheviot Hills.
What is the connection between Northumberland and Hadrian’s Wall?
Hadrian’s Wall is one of the most famous landmarks in Northumberland, and played an important role in the history of the region. The wall was built by the Romans in the 2nd century AD, and served as a military fortification and a symbol of Roman power and authority. Today, Hadrian’s Wall is a popular tourist attraction and a reminder of Northumberland’s rich and complex history.
